October 22, 2026

Upgrading the Brain
Behind aidnn

At Isotopes AI, we build aidnn, a system of intelligence over a company’s existing analytical and operational systems. Its Team of Rivals brings together specialized agents to plan, execute, critique and verify the work.

The aidnn planner agent is the brain behind the team. It turns a question into steps and decides which agents and tools to use.

How aidnn answers a questionYour systemsaidnnDecisions
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Tap to ask the next questionQ3 revenue by region · planning
  1. 01PlanA planner turns the question into steps, using your definitions.
  2. 02RunCode runs in a sealed sandbox next to your data. Only a summary comes back.
  3. 03CritiqueA separate critic can veto the plan and send it back with the reason.
  4. 04VerifyA verifier checks the result against the source before anyone sees it.
  5. 05AnswerYou get the answer and the trail of how every number was reached.

Choosing the model behind aidnn’s planner is a decision we keep coming back to. We currently use GPT-5.5, but new models arrive regularly, each promising better answers, shorter waits or lower costs. We want to know which of those gains hold up in the work our customers actually ask aidnn to do.

That takes more than trying a new release. Each model needs to work well with the rest of the team, across different tasks and longer conversations. We make that evaluation part of building aidnn, so our customers can benefit from better models without having to keep up with every release themselves.

As we explored in our comparison of decision models, better benchmark numbers don’t always translate into better performance in an enterprise workflow. For aidnn’s planner, the model has to turn a question into sensible steps, choose the right agents and tools, and leave results the team can verify. As the conversation develops, it needs to carry forward earlier findings and requirements. And when a step fails or a result doesn’t check out, it needs to work out what went wrong and adjust the plan without losing sight of the user’s goal. Those are the behaviors we need to preserve when we switch models.

With that in mind, we tested five models on the same 136 questions, from simple lookups and multi-step analysis to longer conversations with follow-ups. We measured response time and total cost, checked the answers, and reviewed selected cases to understand how each model planned the work. We wanted to know whether another model could match GPT-5.5’s answer quality and speed at a lower cost, while following the planning instructions we rely on.

GPT-6 Sol is our preferred candidate to replace GPT-5.5. It cost 34.8% less at almost the same average response time. In selected planning traces, it also separated independent work and validation steps more explicitly, which fits the planning discipline we want.

Sonnet 5.5 was the fastest overall. Its response times were similar to GPT-6 Sol on simple and medium questions, and faster on complex questions and in longer conversations. It remains a good alternative when speed matters most or customers request Anthropic BYOK. All five models passed the evaluated answer checks.

Click a legend to show or hide a model. Hover, tap or focus a point for its recorded value.

Sonnet is fastest; GPT-6 Sol cuts cost

All 136 questions per model · 680 total interactions · Mean per question

Mean response time versus complete cost per question, including the main agent and helper models. Lower left is faster and cheaper. Default: all 136 questions per model. The Results selector below can switch to the 51 single-question cases.
See the numbers
Model Questions Mean response time Total cost / question
GPT-5.5 136 26.96s $0.2206
GPT-6 Sol 136 26.84s $0.1438
GPT-6.1 Sol 136 41.41s $0.1207
Sonnet 5.5 136 21.05s $0.1541
Opus 5.5 136 25.61s $0.2580

What we found

Each model answered 136 questions: 15 simple, 17 medium and 19 complex, plus 85 questions across separate 10-, 25- and 50-question conversations. That gave us 680 interactions, covering direct lookups, multi-step analysis, workflows that produce tables or charts, and follow-ups as conversation context accumulated.

GPT-6 Sol averaged 26.84 seconds and $0.1438 per answer. GPT-5.5 averaged 26.96 seconds and $0.2206. The response times were nearly identical, with a clear cost advantage for GPT-6 Sol.

Sonnet averaged 21.05 seconds and $0.1541. It was 21.6% faster overall, while GPT-6 Sol was 6.7% cheaper. Their response times were similar on simple and medium questions; Sonnet pulled ahead on complex questions and in deep sessions.

GPT-6.1 Sol had the lowest cost at $0.1207, but the longest wait at 41.41 seconds. Opus averaged 25.61 seconds and $0.2580, with no speed, cost or measured accuracy advantage over Sonnet.

Model Questions Mean latency Total response time Mean USD/query Total USD
GPT-5.5 136 26.96s 61.11 min $0.2206 $30.00
GPT-6 Sol 136 26.84s 60.84 min $0.1438 $19.55
GPT-6.1 Sol 136 41.41s 93.85 min $0.1207 $16.41
Sonnet 5.5 136 21.05s 47.72 min $0.1541 $20.95
Opus 5.5 136 25.61s 58.05 min $0.2580 $35.08

Costs include the main agent and its helpers. Total response time sums individual answer timers. Inference settings were fixed for this benchmark. See methodology.

Five models selected.

136 questions per model: 15 simple + 17 medium + 19 complex + 85 deep-session (10 + 25 + 50).

Where the extra wait comes from

Simple questions usually need one tool; harder questions can require code, several steps and a chart or table. This chart groups the 51 single-question cases by difficulty.

Response time by question difficulty

Mean seconds per answer within each difficulty group.
See the numbers
Model Difficulty Seconds
GPT-5.5 simple 8.23
GPT-6 Sol simple 7.06
GPT-6.1 Sol simple 17.46
Sonnet 5.5 simple 6.69
Opus 5.5 simple 8.40
GPT-5.5 medium 20.85
GPT-6 Sol medium 15.88
GPT-6.1 Sol medium 31.55
Sonnet 5.5 medium 15.82
Opus 5.5 medium 20.75
GPT-5.5 complex 41.84
GPT-6 Sol complex 46.66
GPT-6.1 Sol complex 78.19
Sonnet 5.5 complex 34.88
Opus 5.5 complex 43.81

What we paid for

One question can take several calls to the model: the planner chooses a tool, reads its result and decides what to do next. Each call to that main model is a responder request. The number of calls, the context sent each time and the output generated all affect cost.

Supporting agents also make their own model calls. The cost charts include those calls too; the token charts below cover only the planner’s model.

Input tokens: cached and fresh

Main-agent input per question, in thousands of tokens. Shades distinguish cache reads, cache writes and fresh input, which have different prices.
See the numbers
Model Cache reads K Cache writes K Fresh K
GPT-5.5 173.42 0.00 8.14
GPT-6 Sol 181.42 5.55 0.02
GPT-6.1 Sol 176.09 5.37 0.02
Sonnet 5.5 246.68 0.42 29.66
Opus 5.5 241.28 0.42 30.64

Why is Claude’s input higher? Part of the difference comes from tokenization. Sonnet 5.5 and Opus 5.5 use Claude’s newer tokenizer, which Anthropic says produces about 30% more tokens for the same text than its previous tokenizer, depending on the content. That comparison is with earlier Claude models, not GPT. Providers also encode tool definitions differently, so higher token counts do not necessarily mean more text was sent. Our costs already reflect the actual provider-reported usage.

Output tokens cover more than the final answer. They include tool arguments and billed reasoning across all main-agent requests needed to answer a question. They should not be read as the length of the answer a user sees.

Claude generated more output per question

Mean main-agent output tokens per question, including tool arguments, the final response and billed reasoning. Helper-model output is excluded.
See the numbers
Model Output tokens / question
GPT-5.5 573.39
GPT-6 Sol 484.63
GPT-6.1 Sol 463.10
Sonnet 5.5 1022.05
Opus 5.5 1142.26

Most input was cached. The rate below is cached reads divided by total main-agent input, including cache writes.

Prompt-cache hit rate

Share of input tokens served from cache, not the share of answers served from cache.
See the numbers
Model Cached reads / input (%)
GPT-5.5 95.51
GPT-6 Sol 97.02
GPT-6.1 Sol 97.03
Sonnet 5.5 89.13
Opus 5.5 88.60

Sonnet took fewer steps to get to an answer. Across the evaluation, it made 509 tool calls compared with GPT-6 Sol’s 623. It inspected data previews less often (41 versus 125 calls) and used fewer execution calls (146 versus 178). In some traces we reviewed, Sonnet also combined independent tasks into one step, rather than separating them as the planning prompt asks. That helped keep the workflow shorter, but GPT-6 Sol followed that decomposition rule more closely in those cases. Both returned correct answers in those examples. These totals include unsuccessful calls.

How their plans differed

For a sales/products join, GPT first checked product matches, then aggregated revenue. Sonnet joined and aggregated in one step. Both returned correct totals. For three independent dataset analyses, GPT used three coding steps while Sonnet used one.

Separating independent work makes results easier to check and failures easier to retry. Related operations can still belong in one step, so fewer calls alone do not prove weaker planning.

These examples favor GPT’s separation of independent work, but do not establish better instruction following across the whole workload. Some single-step plans were appropriate, and Sonnet preserved earlier chart requirements better in one follow-up.

Tool calls per question

Mean calls per question, including final-answer submissions and unsuccessful attempts. Fewer calls alone do not establish better planning.
See the numbers
Model Tool calls
GPT-5.5 4.34
GPT-6 Sol 4.58
GPT-6.1 Sol 4.37
Sonnet 5.5 3.74
Opus 5.5 3.70

The averages hide some expensive questions

Each panel uses the same scale. Breaks after cases 15 and 32 separate simple, medium and complex questions; faint lines show the other models for comparison.

Response time for each single-question case

GPT-5.5

GPT-6 Sol

GPT-6.1 Sol

Sonnet 5.5

Opus 5.5

Recorded seconds for each of the 51 cases, with no smoothing.
See the numbers
QuestionGPT-5.5GPT-6 SolGPT-6.1 SolSonnet 5.5Opus 5.5
1. Case 019.670s7.030s10.070s6.880s8.420s
2. Case 028.440s6.130s14.900s6.010s7.770s
3. Case 037.560s7.660s12.140s6.900s8.420s
4. Case 047.200s6.200s15.750s7.320s6.290s
5. Case 056.650s5.880s13.650s5.750s6.410s
6. Case 068.790s7.820s14.530s6.680s7.880s
7. Case 077.230s6.910s59.390s7.060s7.200s
8. Case 0810.780s10.110s13.260s8.990s10.110s
9. Case 0912.750s7.390s9.740s6.350s8.130s
10. Case 109.040s9.230s31.150s8.180s10.620s
11. Case 116.340s5.030s12.220s5.220s8.420s
12. Case 126.410s5.940s13.610s5.250s5.250s
13. Case 138.810s8.770s21.170s7.670s13.700s
14. Case 146.870s5.970s9.390s5.860s8.550s
15. Case 156.920s5.820s11.000s6.170s8.790s
16. Case 167.540s7.230s14.610s6.740s13.750s
17. Case 1736.490s31.460s53.550s33.230s40.230s
18. Case 1856.590s35.720s52.560s32.910s41.400s
19. Case 1944.440s8.280s31.220s17.750s40.020s
20. Case 2046.380s39.700s59.910s38.560s44.890s
21. Case 2112.260s13.900s23.790s9.590s17.270s
22. Case 226.990s6.300s10.670s6.890s8.910s
23. Case 2310.160s10.330s21.630s11.100s14.340s
24. Case 2411.680s8.790s23.960s10.490s13.280s
25. Case 259.830s7.890s17.880s7.570s12.040s
26. Case 2613.170s9.550s14.830s9.940s13.640s
27. Case 278.240s6.320s13.390s6.240s7.800s
28. Case 289.670s8.900s16.810s8.370s7.160s
29. Case 296.850s6.140s15.120s6.380s10.730s
30. Case 3010.140s8.710s56.220s8.450s12.010s
31. Case 3131.860s34.590s66.990s30.570s28.520s
32. Case 3232.150s26.150s43.140s24.190s26.830s
33. Case 3343.000s42.630s78.240s39.850s55.220s
34. Case 3436.600s58.030s74.480s34.380s34.990s
35. Case 3536.650s47.250s64.320s43.640s48.480s
36. Case 3642.710s66.030s119.880s35.480s50.630s
37. Case 3735.510s52.100s76.050s32.540s42.060s
38. Case 3851.130s43.940s67.600s31.270s36.920s
39. Case 3952.270s49.230s84.060s51.890s55.360s
40. Case 4026.980s26.190s53.400s24.800s35.830s
41. Case 4136.130s53.970s88.840s30.550s41.240s
42. Case 4231.870s41.180s75.210s32.960s36.510s
43. Case 4330.230s28.960s56.660s29.590s32.400s
44. Case 4445.080s51.880s78.490s52.870s60.130s
45. Case 459.900s7.870s13.610s7.900s11.280s
46. Case 4634.830s39.590s79.000s8.230s27.310s
47. Case 4748.210s44.100s74.380s41.870s66.330s
48. Case 4824.880s28.660s50.440s26.550s29.330s
49. Case 4935.380s31.180s57.440s33.980s38.550s
50. Case 50109.970s97.310s150.410s50.840s78.230s
51. Case 5163.680s76.470s143.090s53.590s51.560s

Cost for each single-question case

GPT-5.5

GPT-6 Sol

GPT-6.1 Sol

Sonnet 5.5

Opus 5.5

Recorded USD cost for each case, including helpers.
See the numbers
QuestionGPT-5.5GPT-6 SolGPT-6.1 SolSonnet 5.5Opus 5.5
1. Case 01$0.062615$0.099662$0.091358$0.248078$0.493774
2. Case 02$0.063535$0.027951$0.018466$0.030046$0.055633
3. Case 03$0.065321$0.028122$0.019005$0.032752$0.059157
4. Case 04$0.066478$0.028827$0.017413$0.032698$0.059901
5. Case 05$0.064257$0.028103$0.019041$0.030862$0.053445
6. Case 06$0.088390$0.034665$0.018652$0.031168$0.055741
7. Case 07$0.072933$0.030060$0.086313$0.035048$0.064793
8. Case 08$0.095969$0.038032$0.017060$0.035122$0.064001
9. Case 09$0.067822$0.027391$0.017507$0.033844$0.062639
10. Case 10$0.086253$0.035402$0.022732$0.041302$0.059671
11. Case 11$0.067171$0.028230$0.018881$0.032308$0.055067
12. Case 12$0.064121$0.028105$0.018588$0.028824$0.055037
13. Case 13$0.073145$0.030131$0.023480$0.036002$0.090339
14. Case 14$0.062422$0.026191$0.018567$0.027790$0.055571
15. Case 15$0.068500$0.028745$0.019114$0.032206$0.061985
16. Case 16$0.068036$0.028660$0.019186$0.030654$0.060277
17. Case 17$0.209864$0.110180$0.093828$0.145676$0.202356
18. Case 18$0.301805$0.128985$0.109269$0.168181$0.231816
19. Case 19$0.260014$0.035837$0.035064$0.102809$0.240893
20. Case 20$0.267349$0.137903$0.108668$0.187722$0.244543
21. Case 21$0.103159$0.048251$0.030921$0.048494$0.111473
22. Case 22$0.071334$0.029317$0.019511$0.034302$0.061341
23. Case 23$0.102344$0.045326$0.031051$0.070172$0.124155
24. Case 24$0.080041$0.031585$0.021968$0.040872$0.074473
25. Case 25$0.097306$0.030357$0.024239$0.037554$0.071845
26. Case 26$0.101723$0.030839$0.021260$0.040048$0.076351
27. Case 27$0.087877$0.028278$0.018784$0.029704$0.060101
28. Case 28$0.104653$0.041792$0.028820$0.059450$0.074829
29. Case 29$0.066430$0.028331$0.018856$0.031794$0.056983
30. Case 30$0.105875$0.042708$0.101537$0.052134$0.075093
31. Case 31$0.196435$0.108553$0.128128$0.127629$0.192448
32. Case 32$0.212428$0.099396$0.080910$0.127898$0.218719
33. Case 33$0.305910$0.204101$0.159258$0.225877$0.423418
34. Case 34$0.223150$0.233239$0.162691$0.163142$0.238809
35. Case 35$0.257652$0.198971$0.124099$0.253230$0.346592
36. Case 36$0.257874$0.201856$0.177983$0.159624$0.246244
37. Case 37$0.234899$0.176234$0.162854$0.158344$0.251307
38. Case 38$0.295026$0.171291$0.128203$0.136378$0.210108
39. Case 39$0.379109$0.232441$0.219505$0.313528$0.463562
40. Case 40$0.199089$0.104590$0.089829$0.117118$0.196519
41. Case 41$0.433110$0.218182$0.195260$0.158928$0.302063
42. Case 42$0.200731$0.128904$0.165216$0.134331$0.211133
43. Case 43$0.199134$0.115219$0.096377$0.134058$0.215477
44. Case 44$0.329604$0.235868$0.238035$0.316818$0.410784
45. Case 45$0.093816$0.032668$0.022673$0.043344$0.094347
46. Case 46$0.236552$0.145690$0.175058$0.046078$0.150381
47. Case 47$0.356081$0.212057$0.130094$0.260618$0.440620
48. Case 48$0.202352$0.109855$0.086121$0.129782$0.259183
49. Case 49$0.216998$0.112171$0.099975$0.137635$0.213259
50. Case 50$0.621235$0.443466$0.390631$0.298250$0.592472
51. Case 51$0.420829$0.296976$0.397263$0.316528$0.332028

What happens in a longer conversation?

We ran separate 10-, 25- and 50-question conversations on the stock dataset. Each started fresh and retained its state until the end. The questions also change as sessions get longer, so these curves do not isolate the effect of context length.

Response time per question, by session length

Mean seconds per answer across each 10-, 25- or 50-question session.
See the numbers
Model10 questions25 questions50 questions
GPT-5.519.69s26.55s30.66s
GPT-6 Sol16.59s25.85s31.51s
GPT-6.1 Sol20.72s33.85s45.88s
Sonnet 5.512.55s21.46s23.38s
Opus 5.516.01s23.46s28.51s

Cost per question, by session length

Mean complete cost per question in USD, including helpers. These values are not cumulative session spend.
See the numbers
Model10 questions25 questions50 questions
GPT-5.5$0.1571$0.2180$0.2802
GPT-6 Sol$0.0735$0.1305$0.2091
GPT-6.1 Sol$0.0515$0.0917$0.1813
Sonnet 5.5$0.0954$0.1504$0.2139
Opus 5.5$0.1589$0.2451$0.3648

At 50 questions, Sonnet averaged 23.38 seconds and $0.2139 per answer, versus 31.51 seconds and $0.2091 for GPT-6 Sol. Sonnet was 25.8% faster for 2.3% more cost.

How we checked the answers

As we discussed in Trust, but verify, checking an answer also means examining the data and assumptions behind it.

All five models passed the evaluated checks: 136/136 each, 680/680 overall. The checks cover expected numbers, labels, dates, tool results and saved outputs.

As the opening diagram shows, the aidnn team performs its own internal verification before returning an answer. The checks described here are an additional layer used only to grade the evaluation suite.

Most test-suite checks compare results directly with the expected values in the test data. To keep verification fast, we use decision models for cases where those deterministic checks are ambiguous. They receive the question, expected facts, answer and relevant context, including conversation history. A clear numeric mismatch remains a failure.

ModelSimpleMediumComplexDeep 10Deep 25Deep 50Total
GPT-5.515/1517/1719/1910/1025/2550/50136/136
GPT-6 Sol15/1517/1719/1910/1025/2550/50136/136
GPT-6.1 Sol15/1517/1719/1910/1025/2550/50136/136
Sonnet 5.515/1517/1719/1910/1025/2550/50136/136
Opus 5.515/1517/1719/1910/1025/2550/50136/136

This is the pass rate for the checks we ran. It does not verify every statement in every answer or measure every aspect of planning.

What the checks cover
Question groupPer modelValidation
Single-question cases5117 cases checked against expected facts, 1 data-preview check and 33 task-specific response checks
Deep sessions85Numeric and response-format checks across 10-, 25- and 50-question conversations

Decision models reviewed ambiguous answers using the question, expected facts and conversation context. This additional evaluation work is excluded from the reported latency and cost.

Check coverage varies by task: some tests verify values against the data, while others check the requested response or output. Passing these checks does not establish that every statement or planning decision was independently verified.

What we would choose

GPT-6 Sol is our preferred candidate to replace GPT-5.5. It delivered nearly the same average response time at 34.8% lower cost in this benchmark. Its clearer separation of independent work in selected cases also fits the planning discipline we want.

Sonnet 5.5 is a good alternative when speed matters most or when customers request Anthropic BYOK. It was faster on complex questions and at every deep-session length. At 50 questions, its cost premium over GPT-6 Sol was small. Both models would benefit from clearer examples of when to split independent tasks, validate before aggregation and preserve earlier chart requirements.

GPT-6.1 Sol offers the lowest cost if the longer wait is acceptable. Opus did not improve on Sonnet’s speed, cost or measured accuracy here.

These results use fixed benchmark settings. The tradeoff should be checked on the intended workload and reasoning settings before choosing a model.

Cost and tool-use breakdown

Per-question averages across all 136 questions. Costs include the planner and the agents it calls.

Methodology and limitations

These evaluations are private and form part of our regular test suite. The sample questions below illustrate the kinds of tasks it covers.

  • Dataset size: We used small, controlled datasets covering sales, customer churn and market analysis, with known results for verification. Longer conversations reused the same data. This evaluation measures the planner’s behavior on these tasks, not large-scale data processing performance.
  • Comparison: Models received the same planner instructions and used standard service tiers. Retrieved context could differ as models chose different actions. Standalone questions started fresh; follow-up conversations retained context.
  • Reasoning: Low reasoning achieved a 100% pass rate on the evaluated checks in this suite, so higher reasoning was not needed to pass these tests. This comparison does not measure the benefit of higher reasoning. For customer workloads, we choose the reasoning level based on each customer’s needs and the complexity of their tasks.
  • Timing: We measured response time after files were available. Each case ran once per model. Cache warmth and provider load can affect latency, so these measurements do not establish repeatability.
  • Cost: Totals include the planner and supporting agents, including work completed after the answer. Prices account for cache reads, cache writes and applicable context thresholds. Evaluation grading is excluded.
  • Longer conversations: The 10-, 25- and 50-question sessions include different tasks as well as more context. Their results do not isolate the effect of conversation length.
  • Scope: These results support a comparison on this workload. Larger datasets and representative customer workloads should be evaluated before changing a production default.
  • Pricing references, October 18, 2026: GPT-5.5, GPT-6 Sol, GPT-6.1 Sol and Claude.
Sample questions from the suite

These examples show the kinds of questions we asked, from exploring uploaded files to using business context and creating charts. Tool-specific instructions are omitted for readability.

  • What are the min and max revenue values in the data? Give both numbers.
  • How many null values are there in the data? Which column has the most nulls?
  • Summarize the Contract column in my data. What are the distinct values?
  • What is the distribution of Churn values in my data? Give counts or percentages.
  • Analyze the uploaded dataset: 1) How many rows? 2) What columns exist? 3) Any null values? 4) What are the unique values in the 'Days Active' column (show top 5 if many)?
  • Based on expert knowledge, what are the highest-risk customers for churn?
  • Based on the available metadata, what does the stock market dataset contain and what is notable about March 2020?
  • Based on what you know about the customer churn data, which contract type has the highest churn rate?
  • What is the correlation between quantity and revenue in the data? Show the value.
  • Calculate total revenue by product_id in the data, then create a bar chart showing it.
  • Using all available datasets, answer: 1) What is the date range in the stock market data? 2) What % of customers churned in my customer file? 3) What is total revenue in the sales data?
  • Recall our business goal for telco analysis, then compute the actual churn rate by Contract type. Which contract types are above or below the target?
  • Given the business goals we've discussed, analyze the most critical factors driving churn in my customer data. Create a summary chart of churn rates by contract type.
  • Give me a complete analysis of all my data: 1) Overview and key stats for each dataset, 2) The most interesting insight from each one, 3) Create a chart showing something noteworthy from the data.

We also asked follow-ups within the same conversation. Here is a sequence from the stock-market analysis:

  1. Create a line chart showing the S&P 500 value over time. Title it 'S&P 500 Historical Prices 2014-2016'. Label x-axis as 'Date', y-axis as 'S&P 500'.
  2. How many trading days are in the dataset for each year: 2014, 2015, and 2016? Give exact counts for each year.
  3. What was the annual percentage return for each year present in the dataset? Calculate year-over-year from first to last trading day of each year.
  4. Which year in the dataset had the best performance? By what percentage?
  5. What was the single best day's percentage gain in the entire dataset? Give the date and the exact percentage.
  6. What was the single worst day's percentage loss in the entire dataset? Give the date and the exact percentage.